Chapter 7ethnicity

Case Study

It happened in Rwanda's capital Kigali. It also involved the neighboring countries of Burundi and Bujumbura. There are 2 ethnicities… Hutu and Tutsi

 

Ethnicity- identity with a group who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

    African-Americans: southeast 12%

    Hispanics: southwest 14%

    Asian-Americans: west 4%

    American Indians: southwest and plains 1%

Clustering of ethnicities

    Geographers look at two scales…

• Particular regions of the country
  
• Particular neighborhoods of cities
  

Regional- Hispanics

    Most Hispanics identify themselves with specific countries

    Many Hispanics are clustered in the southwestern portion of the united states- Arizona, new

    Mexico and Texas make up more than 1/3 state populations

    There are large Hispanic communities in Florida and New York

Asian- Americans

    In USA…

• Chinese- 23%
  
• Filipino- 18%
  
• Asian Indians-19%
  
• Japanese- 7%
  
• Vietnamese- 10%
  
• Korean- 10%
  
• Other- 13%
  

The highest percentages of Asians live in Hawaii and California

Native Americans (American Indians/ Alaska natives)

    1% of US population

    In lower 48 states- Clustered in the southwest and plains

Neighborhoods of cities

    ¼ of all Americans live in cities

    More than ½ of African-Americans live in cities

• Detroit
  
• Chicago
  

Ethnicities in cities

    Hispanics are highly clustered in New York and Los Angeles

    Violence between asian-americans and African-americans

    1992 Rodney King – a black man caught in DUI and white police officers caught him and beat his     

    ass. The po-po were set ffffrrrreeee!!!

African American migration

    Ancestors were here because of forced migration - slave trade

    The 1^st wave of African Americans to America was the gold coast of West Africa to west indies

• to American colony (triangle trade-> 1619-1808)
  

    the 2^nd migration wave was from the south to the north in the first half of the 20^th century,

• slavery à freedom
  
• sharecropping became popular among plantation owners but many af. Ams moved to northern cities because they were unsatisfied
  
• when African Americans moved to northern cities, the word ghetto was redefined
  

the 3^rd wave was from inner city ghetto to urban neighborhoods during the second ½ of 20^th century

• there was an expansion of the ghetto
  
• during and after the civil rights movement, and jobs were more acailable, they moved from middle to upperclass neighborhoods
  

differentiating between race and ethnicity

    race- an identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

• classification by race can lead to racism- the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
  
• contemporary geographers focus more oon ethnicities than race
  
• one feature of race that is studied is skin color
  

ethnicity- identity of groups who share the same cultural traditions from a common hearth

South Africa

    For many years, the south African government was referred to apartheid (- a complete

    separation of all races), which means "serperatness"

• black, white, asian, and colored neighborhoods
  
  • most whites were descendents of dutch settlers, boers, and were referred to as afrikaaners. They speak Afrikaans.
    

Became a part of the british empire in 1902

The british and the boers had several wars, the boer wars,

1848, apartheid was created, a combonation of british and boer communities

The world passed economic sanctions agains the south Africans

Government during the 1970s and 1980s

• 1991 apartheid laws were repealed and this allowed the African national congress led by black leaders to become the dominant political party in the counry
  
• Nelson Mandela was released from prison after being there for 30 years
  
• 1994 Mandela became the first black president of South Africa
  

Nationality- identity with a group of people who share legal attatchment and personal allegiance to a particular country

Relationship between nationality and ethnicity in the USA

    American nationality- US citizen

    Ethnicity- African-american, Hispanic Americans

    Race- black, white, person of color

    Every citizen living in the USA considers themselves a member of the American nationality and a     member of a race but only some people identify with an ethnicity

• Ex- a morrocan student in us: black race, ethnicity Islamic? Arabic?, NOT an African American
  
• Ex- Quebecois: 2^nd nationality in Canada, outside northamerica more difficult to distinguish nationality from ethnicity
  

 

 

EXAM ESSAY:(!!!!!!!!!) States, Nations, and Nationstates

    Outside of north America, it is harder to decide nationality from ethnicity

Self-determination- the belief that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Throughout the 19^th, 20^th centuries, the earth's surface was organized into nation-states

*State*- a politically organized sterritory ruled by an establishedgovernment with control over its internal and foreign affairs

• Has to have territory, population, sovereignty and government. Ex, turkey, Britain, any country.
  

*Nation*- more of an ethnic term, a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion and other shared cultural attributes; it doesn't have to have its own state.

• Ex, Scotland in the UK… kurds in Iraq, turkey, iran and syria had a shortlived independent state called Kurdistan but it was taken over by turkey
  

*Nation-State*- when one nation/ethnicity controls the state.

• There is NO such thing as a pure nation state
  
• Closest Ex, Denmark because majority ethnicity in Denmark are the Danes. Therefore, they control Denmark. But it isn't a perfect example because…
  
  • Denmark borders germany on the border of the two countriesthere is Schleswig Holstein. On the germany side are living the Danes and vice versa.
    
  • Denmark controls the Faeroe islands and the people there are of a different ethnicity.
    
  • Denmark controld Greenland or "kalaallit nunaat," and the capital is nuuk
    
• [region A] Another Ex, western Europe- Portugal, Poland ,Iceland
  

  Eastern Europe- Slovenia,Czech republic and Slovakia
  

  • Ethnic clensing in yugosavia --- Yugoslavia broke up into several new nation-states (ie- Slovenia, Croatia)
    
• [region B] Another Ex, Asia- turkey, japan, korea (north and south)
  

  Middle East- Israel, Palestinian Authority
  

  • Because of Palestinian, Israeli conflict, you have separate countries of Israel and Palestinian authority
    
• The closest example in the Americas is in south America, Uruguay. Predominantly a European ethnicity with few mestizos.
  

 

ESSAY EXAM 2 (!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)-nationalism

    Nationalism- loyalty to a nationality

• Sometimes nationalism can be positive which means that nationalism promotes national unity and identity, nationalism can also promote patriotism
  

Centripetal force – an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

• Negative impact- especially when many ethnicities within a state would like to have their own nation state
  

Centrifugal force- an attitude that divides ethnic groups within a state to desire their own nation state

• One problem with ethnicity is that it often overlaps race, religion and language use
  
• In 1974, india won its independence; however, because of conflicts between Indian hindus in india and Indian muslims in Pakistan. The two were given independence.
  
  • Pakistan was divided into east and west Pakistan on either side of india. Because of the split they were hard to govern
    
  • Example of how ethnicity and religion overlapped—east Pakistan= bangledesh. West Pakistan= Pakistan
    
• Time period where india and Pakistan split up into 2 countries was called partitian. This broke ghandis heart because he wanted india to be a unified countryand have the hindus and muslims coexist peacefully, violence was stopped by his fasting, he almost died.
  
• In the state of Kashmir (in north india)- source of ethnic tension for india and Pakistan for many years. Indians in Kashmir- want it to be in Pakistan, muslims want it to stay where it is.
  
• Another Indian state, Punjab, has been the place of tension between the Sikhs and the hindus
  
• Sri lanka (once called Ceylon) there has been ethnic conflicts between the Sinhalese (mainly Buddhists) and tamils (Hindus- Dravidian), conflict sometimes referred to as a civil war.
  
  • There's a group in Sri Lanka known as the Tamil tigers- they have been trying to stop the Sinhalese control of the government because they had been mistreated.
    

END essay 2

 

Multi-ethnic states- contain more than one ethnicity, the ethnicities also agree to form one nationality together

Ex. Belgium – has two ethnicities, Flemish from Flanders and Walloons from Wallonia

Ex. #2 Switzerland – Germans, French, Italian and Swiss Romash

Multi-national state- contain 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination, which agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

Ex. UK- England, Scotland, Whales and Northern Ireland. Each nationality competes separately

in sports

The largest multi-national state is Russia

Many multi-ethnic states and multi-national states have ethnicities that do not get along.

In these situations, devolution of power can occur.—the central government starts to give up power to different ethnic groups and allow the country to fall apart.

• In the horn Africa…
  
  • Ethiopia- there was an ethnicity called the Eritreans who wanted to have their own independent country. Eritrea was given independence in 1993
    
  • Sudan- there has been civil war here between arab muslims and black Christian and animist groups
    
  • Darfur- the region where many civil rights groups are concerned because of the ethnic cleansing. The arab muslims are attacking the black tribal groups who are either Christian or animists…the lost boys
    
  • Somalia- the united states got involved ffrom 1992 to 1994 trying to help up the situation in Somalia. Somalia was divided into 6 ethnic groups. .each had a warlord and a military commander. Somalia=anarchy …Somali pirates
    
  • Central Africa- Rwanda and Burundi. The hutu and the Tutsis. Spilled over into the DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo), which used to be called Zaire.
    

Overlapping ethnicities and nationalities

    The middle east…

• Israel has an ongoing conflict with its Arab Neighbors and Palestinians .
  
  • Conflict has been ongoing since Israel was formed in 1948
    
• In 1967, Israel shocked the world as it struck first creating the 6-day war. It too the west bank from Jordan, the Golan heights from Syria and the gaza strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt,
  
• The camp david meetings took place in 1979. Jimmy carter was president and he convinced Sadat, the president of Egypt, and Begin, the prime minister of Israel
  
• Israel attacked Southern Lebanon in 1982 to get the palesltine liberation organization
  
• Jerusalem is still the center of much tension between Israel and palestine as it is a holy city of 3 major religions
  
• In 1993, the Palestinians were given autonomy and were given all of gaza and the west bank
  
• 2000, Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon however, as recent as 2006, Israel went against the Hezbollah.
  

EP3 NOT….palestinian and Israeli perspectives

    After 1973 and the yom kippur war, Egypt Jordan and Syria were at peace with israel. The main     

    Problem that Israelis had were dealing with Palestinians within their borders

    Palestinians are a member of 5 different overlapping groups…

• People who live in the west bank, gaza, and east Jerusalem
  
• Citizens of Israel who are muslim
  
• People who fled Israel after the 1948-49 war
  
• The people who fled the west bank and gaza after the 1967 war to live in other countries
  
• Citizens of other countries who identify themselves as Palestinians but who never return to Israel
  

The Palestinian perspective

1. The jewish settlements in the west bank shows israels unwillingness to grant complete independence to the Palestinians
   
2. Palestinians were snot satisfies with the territory given to them by Israel. PLO and yassir erafat faught to improve territory of Palestine
   
3. Palestinians wanted Israel to follow original UN partition plan of 1947. This plan gave Palestine territory from Jordan all the way to the sea.
   

Israeli perspective

1. Israel is a very small country surrounded by hostile neighbors
   
2. Has 2 problems with local landscapes
   
   1. Major populations for Israel are close to national borders making cities vulnerable to attack… tel aviv, Haifa and Jerusalem.
      
   2. In original UN plans, Israel was given the lowlands, coastal plains,and Jordan river valley. Palestine was given the highlands of the west bank and syria's Golan heights 1948-67. Israel got bombarded by Palestinians.
      
   3. Israel is still divided over the compromise
      

      -no group will compromise with the old city of Jerusalem
      

End of EP3 not

    The Fall of Communism and The revival of ethnicity

        The end of the Cold War resulted in:

• Soviet Union fell apart which ended Russian dominance
  
• Yugolsavia fell apart which ended Serbian Dominance
  
• Czechoslovakia split which ended Czech dominance
  
• Many new nations worked hard to create new nation states
  

Yugoslavia

Devolution of power in the balkan peninsula which is named for the Balkan mountains.Other countries in this area include Albania Bulgaria Greece and Romania. At one time this region was controlled by the Austro-Hungarian empire. (WWII began in this area… the "powder keg" of Europe. Archduke franz Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo.) "Yugo" means south. The south slavs wanted to unite together into one country. The 2 most numerous Slavic ethnicities are the serbs and the croats. Other ethnicities include the Slovenes, Macedonians, montenegrens, and Bosnian muslims. Tito was the communist dictator of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia under tito was not a part of the soviet union because tito wanted to rule his own country. Tito was kicked out of the Warsaw pact and he and Yugoslavia joined the non-aligned movement. The dinar, their currency, was the main unifying characteristic. Communist rule provided stability.

EP 4 NOT: the balkanization of yugoslavia

After Tito's Death in 1980, ethnic rivalries resurfaced. In the early 1990's when the communist governments of eastern Europe fell, the country of Yugoslavia began to fall apart. Five independent countries were formed….

• Bosnia Herzegovina- Sarajevo
  
• Croatia- Zagreb
  
• Slovenia-ljuljana
  
• Macedonia-skopje
  
• Yugoslavia-belgrade
  
• Including Serbia and Montenegro
  

4 of ugoslavia's five nationalities were able to be a majority in one of the new countries.

• Croats in Croatia
  
• Macedonians in Macedonia
  
• Serbs in Yugoslavia
  
• Slovenes in Slovenia
  
• Montenegro stayed with Serbia
  
• Bosnia-herzegovina had Bosnian muslims, theyre considered an ethnicity and not a nationality
  
  • Bosnian muslims made up 40%
    
  • Serbs 32%
    
  • Croats 18%
    

The serbs and croats in Croatia and Yugoslavia started a process of ethnic cleansing for the Bosnian muslims.

• Sobrenica the city was hit hard by the ethnic cleansing
  
• The Dayton accords of 1996. Bosnia Herzegovina was devided up into 3 regions: serbs, croats and muslims.
  
• UN and NATO peacekeepers were sent in.
  
• After things settled down, in Kosovo, the serbs tried to carry out ethnic cleansing on Albanians.
  
• When tito was alive, he allowed ethnic Albanians to live peacefully. After his death, the serbs took control of kosovo and carried out this ethnic cleansing process.
  
• US and other countries used NATO airstrikes to end the ethnic cleansing. One missile went astray and hit the Chinese embassy.
  
• Eventually NATO had 50,000 peacekeepers
  
• United Nations took control of Kosovo.
  

Yugoslavia Update:

• Slobodan Milosevic was arrested in 2000 and out on War Crime Trial in The Hague, Netherlands. Died before the end of trial.
  
• Montenegro declared independence in 2006
  
• Kosovo independence in 2008
  
• Serbia now alone
  
• Today 7 independent countries from the former Yugoslavia
  

Case Study pg 250

• Tribes make up the traditional unit of African society.
  
• When African countries gained independence from European countries they kept the same colonial borders.
  

 

 

Chapter 6- religion

1. 
   
2. Mormonism--- utah
   
3. Roman catholicism-
   
4. Eastern orthodox Christianity- Russia and some of ex- soviet union countries and Ethiopia and parts of Egypt
   
5. Eastern and northern Buddhism located? North--Tibet and parts of china (mahayahna) south---china japan (tantryana)
   
6. Southern Buddhism(Theravada)- southern asia
   
7. Hinduism? India and other countries in south asia
   
8. Judaism? Major pockets--- Israel, Egypt, turkey, and major cities in Europe and north America
   
9. Sunni muslim--- north Africa, some parts of subsaharn Africa, Arabian peninsula
   
10. Shiite muslim--- iran, yemen, Iraq 50/50
    
11. Chinese religions--- confuscianism, Taoism, Buddhism.
    
12. Japanese religion--- Shinto and Buddhism
    

 

Case Study

Dalai lama, government, as well as religious leader, is to Buddhism as pope is to roman Catholicism

    "oceanic teacher"

    Tibetan Buddhism- called tatryana

    Lhasa is the capital of Tibet in the himalya mountains

    In 1950 communist china took over Tibet and renamed it Xizang

    Dalai lama was exiled to indiabut has lived in US for a few years

    China has atheistic communist china

Two types of religion

Universalizing- one that attempts to be global to appeal to all people wherever they may live not just to one culture or location (global religion)

Ethnic religion- appeal to one group of people living in one place

62%--- universal

34%--- ethnic

14%--- no religion

3 main universalizing religions

**Divided into braches (a large fundamental division within a religion), denominations (the division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body), and sects (a small group that is broken away from an established denomination**

Christianity

• 52% roman catholic
  
• 21% protestant
  
• 10% eastern orthodox
  
  • 14 self-governing churches…
    
    • Russian orthodox- 40%
      
    • Romanian orthodox- 20%
      
    • Bulgarian orthodox- 10%
      
    • Greek orthodox-10%
      
    • Serbian orthodox- 10%
      
    • Albanian , Cyprus, Georgia, polish, and Sinai orthodox- 2%
      
    • Constntinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem orthodox- 3% (the oldest)
      
• 17% other
  
  • Coptic church- Egypt
    
  • Ethiopian church (Abyssinian church)
    
  • Armenian church- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, and turkey
    
  • Maronite church- Lebanon
    
  • Syrian- orthodox church- south india
    

    Islam

    Buddhism

Confuscianism

    Confucius (551-479 B.C.)

• Philosopher and teacher from the province of Lu, China
  
• Emphasized the ancient Chinese tradition of Li or "propriety" or "correct behavior"
  
• An ethnic Chinese religion focused on traditional values
  
• Some people say that its not a religion at all but rather a set of ethical principals for orderly conduct
  
• Has been added to other religions such as Buddhism and Taoism
  

More religion terms

    Monotheism- belief in one god

    Polytheism- belief in many gods

    Animism-generic term for African ethnic religions

• Decrease in animism because of rise of Christianity and islam
  

Territorial confilicts and religion

    End of cold war

    Local conflicts- religion

    Religious fundamentalism- literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to the basic

    principles of a religion

religious fundamentalism has caused a lot of tension between Religion and government policies

 

 

EP1- religion vs. social change

    MDCs economic development is seen as compatable with religious values

    LDCs incompatible especially where Christianity is not dominant

• For example the Taliban (meaning religious student)in Afghanistan. Before they took over, Taliban ran religious schools and taught illiterate people their interpretation. After Taliban gained control of government, their views were pushed onto the whole country. They banned western and nonislamic leisure ativities – no tv. They pissed people off when they destroyed 2^nd century Buddhist statues with dynamite.
  
• Hinduism and social equality in india. The caste system is intertwined in Hinduism. Four basic castes: Brahman (priests), kshatriyas (warriors), vaisyas (merchants), shudras (farmers and artisans), untouchables, now referred to as dalits, are outside of the caste system. British administrators and Christian missionaries challenged the caste system. Even ghadi, from the Brahman caste, spoke out against the caste system. Today, in india's laws, untouchability is outlawed.
  

 

 

EP2 religion vs. communism

Organized religion was challenged by communism, the three most affected religions in this clash were eastern orthodox, islam, and Buddhism

• The eastern orthodox church and Islam clashed with communism in soviet union
  
• Bolshevik revolution, when communists took over in Russia. Lenin enforced strict Marxism and renamed Russia the USSRs. Lenin reduced the role of religion in soviet society.
  
• After the fall of the Soviet Union there was a religious revival. The attendance increased in the Russian Orthodox Church and in some of the new countries formed from the new Soviet Union, there was a revival of Islam. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
  

Buddhism in Southeast Asia

• During the Vietnam War nobody took sides with the Buddhist.
  
• The Buddhist lived in Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
  
• The communist government trying to take over these countries destroyed Shrines
  
• Some Buddhist priest resorted in self mutilation (setting themselves on fire) as a protest.
  
• Even today it is still discouraged although its more relaxed.
  
• Angkor wat- Buddhist complex in Cambodia that has been allowed to go into decay.
  

Religion v. Religion EP3 NOT

1. Middle East- Palestine
   

• In the area of the world called Palestine there has been a long standing conflict between Jews, Christians, and Muslims
  
• All three religions have claims on the city of Jerusalem (seen as their holy city)
  
• These claims are ancient.
  
• The crusade (1099-1244 A.D.) is when the European Christians tried to win back the holy land.
  
• There were 6 Crusades
  
• The Ottoman Empire was predominantly Muslim and controlled Palestine from (1516-1917)
  
• After World War I Britain received Palestine as a mandate.
  
• In 1948, many Jews moved to Palestine to create the modern day country of Israel. Since modern Jewish dominated Israel was created there has been 4 wars between the Muslim Arab countries.
  
• This is not just a religious conflict. There are competing Ethhnonational claims to territory
  

1. Christians and Muslims in Lebanon
   

• Lebanon has always had a mix of religions. For example the Maronite Christians, Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and Druze (mix of Christianity and Islam), also strong Greek Orthodox Church in Lebanon.
  
• Beirut, Lebanon was one time the financial and recreational center of the Middle East.
  
• Since the 1970's Lebanon has been torn between by strife between these religious groups.
  
• The U.S. even sent troops to Lebanon to bring peace and it was in 1983 when a suicide bombing occurred killing 241 Marines.
  
• Today the country of Syria controls much of Lebanon.
  

1. Ireland
   

• After Ireland was given independence in 1937, 6 of its northern counties chose to remain in the U.K…….Known as Northern Ireland.
  
• Northern Ireland is predominantly protestant. Ireland is predominantly Roman Catholic.
  
• There has been a terrorist organization called the Irish Republican Army (IRA)
  

End EP3 NOT

            

                Case study Revisited

• 14^th Dalai Lama
  
• About ¼ of males in Tibet were monks but were told to practice polygamy (to maintain population)
  
• Communist suppressed Buddhism while creating a higher standard of living in Tibet
  
• Dalai Lama was officially exiled to India
  

      -travels the world talking about freedom of religion
  

      -which earned him a Nobel Peace prize
  

  • There is concern about whether priests are being trained
    
  • There was a "Free Tibet" movement in early 90's
    

 

 

Shintoism

• Distinctive ethnic religion of japan
  
• Forces of nature, including rivers trees, rocks and some animals, but mainly the sun and moon are considered divine
  
• Transmitted orally through generations
  
• Fifth century ad, written down with the introduction of Chinese characters
  
• Emperors and other ancestors became more important deity figures.
  
• Emperor Meiji (1868-1912) made Shintoism the official state religion making him the official god of Japan. Therefore, Shinto is a political cult as all Japanese were shintoists
  
• After WWII, allies forced Japanese emperor to renounce his divinity. He was allowed to keep his ceremonial powers.
  

  
   

Chapter 5 language

Ethnologue

www.ethnologue.com

    SIL- ummer institute of linguistics

    There are 7,299 languages

    10 of these languages (including English) are spoken by over 100,000,000 people

Case study page 146

    French is spoken by ¼ of the Canadian population.

    There are two legal languages in quebec

    Hispanics in the us speak spanish

    28 million Spanish speakers living in the USA

    Florida has Cubans

    Southwest has Mexicans

Language- a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.

    Many languages have a literary tradition, a system of written communication

Some governments will have an official language, language used by the government for courts, laws and public objects

Language is a part of culture

 

ESSAY POSSIBLILITY ONE NOT

Origin of English:

    Germanic language

    When the celts arrived in England, speaking celtic languages

around 450 AD, Germanic tribes invaded England

• Angles
  
• Juts
  
• Saxons
  

Denmark and germany were occupied by the Germanic

England was called angle's land

9^th century other groups contributed to English

• Ie Vikings from Norway
  
  • Vikings invaded plundered and left
    
• 1066 the Normans invaded from france
  
• For 300 years, French was the official language of England
  
• That's why modern day English is a mix of german and French
  

English today!

    ½ billion people and is the second only to mandarin china

    Diffusion of English to the british empire which was quite expansive

• 17^th century was brought over to north America
  
• More modern diffusion took place when English was spread by the US to the phillipines
  
• There are now 50 countries that speak English.
  

Dialects of English

Dialect- a regional variation of the language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

In a language of multiple dialects, one dialect may be recognized as the standard language

• Standard language- a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication.
  
  • Ie: brp- british received pronunciation- the standard form of british speech and is commonly used by politicians, broadcasters and actors in Britain
    

After norman control of England, 5 dialects emerged across the country

Eventually every county formed a distinct dialect, and eventually one dialect emerged as the standard language

The dialect that emerged as the standard language was spoken by the upper class and was the language that was taught at caimbridge and oxford

When the printing press came to kengland in 1476, this contributed to the advancement of the standard language—they could mass produce grammar books and English dictionaries

Regional differences still exist especially in rural areas

Today, England is divided up into 3 dialects, northern, midland, and southern

 

Essay possibility 2

    In the 17^th century british colonists settled in north America

    One of the reasons why American English is different than british English, is because of the     isolation

    Therefore

 

 

I missed the end of EP2 sorry guys. If someone loans me the notes in class, Ill get it up as soon as I can.

 

 

Dialects in the USA

    Eastern US- most differences in dialect pronunciations

• New England
  
• Middle atlantic
  
• Southeastern
  

Isogloss- a word usage boundary

• 2 isoglosses in eastern US
  

Language differences tend to be greater in rural areas than they are in cities because farmers tend to live more isolated lives

There are fewer differences in cities

English and other languages-

Language family-A collection of languages related through a common ancestor from long before recorded history

Language branch- a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago, after recorded history started

*outline*

Origin and diffusion of romance languages

    Latin- the "roman's language" --> romance

    Vulgar latin spoken by the common people of the romance language

    Each romance language has many dialects

• For example, Castilian emerged as the more acceptable language of spain
  

Spanish and portugese have diffused through colonization to America

• Ie- 18 latin American countires speak Spanish each with its own dialect
  
• Portugese in brazil
  

There have been modern efforts to standardize

• Brazil and Portugal decided to integrate portugese and Brazilian words together in 1994
  
• The Spanish royal academy in spain added new words from latin America in 1992
  

Some colonial romance languages have been creolized---

• Results form the mixture of the colonizing language with the language of the people being dominated
  
  • Ie- French creole spoken in Haiti
    

 

EP3- the origin and diffusion of indo-european

The origin of indo-european history cannot be determined because it started before recorded history.

There are many popular theories or models

    Kurgan hearth theory

• By marija gimbutas
  
• The first prot-indo-european speakers were the kurgan people of current day Russia and kazikstan. from there languages spread to present day Europe
  

Renfrew model

• Colin Renfrew
  
• First prot-indo-european speakers came before the kurgans. They came from 3 agricultural hearths—
  
  • Anatolia- these people made agricultural innovations and took them and their language west to Europe and east to asia
    
  • Western arc of the fertile crescent- diffused to north Africa and Arabia
    
  • Eastern arc of the fertile crescent- spread to jmodern day iran, afghanista, Pakistan, india. Later replaced by indo-european languages
    

Nostratic theory

• Russian scholars
  
• Used a core vocabulary to try to discover pre-proto-indo-european language. They discovered this language which they called "Nostratic."
  

END EP3

 

Key issue 4

    No lecture

    Br study

Case study

*Charles de Gaule visited quebec in the 1960s…. long live free quebec. They've been pushing for independence since. They changed names and places in the province.

*Hispanic America. 47 millions Americans speak another language at home. 27 sates have laws making English the official language. Different courts have ruled these laws to be unconstitutional.

Chapter 4: folk and popular culture

Case study:

Aborigines from Australia visited the Lincoln center in new York and danced/performed.

• "Aborigine" means indigenous or autochthonous- native to a particular place
  
• These aborigines and their dances represented folk culture while the Lincoln center reflects pop culture
  

Culture-the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

What people care about

• Ie: customary ideas, beliefs and values.
  

What people take care of

• Ie: food, clothing, shelter, and other material wealth
  

Culture is distinguished by…

• Habit- a repetitive act that a particular individual performs
  
• Custom- a repetitive act of a group performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group.
  
  • A collection of social customs produces a groups material customs
    

There are two types of material culture

• Folk cultureà Practiced by a small, homogenous, groups living in isolated, rural areas. The scale of territories is small.
  
  • Ie: in Malaysia, they wear a sarong and in india, they wear a sari
    
• Pop cultureà found in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. The scale of territories is large.
  
  • Ie: mcdonalds.
    

Cultural geography and anthropology

Anthropology- the scientific study of the origin and of the physical, social, and cultural development and behavior of mankind.

Origins of folk and popular culture

    Folk customs generally have anonymous hearths

    Most popular customs come from hearths in north America, western Europe, and japan.

• Ie: Popular music and fast food
  
• Popular customs arise from advances in technology and increased leisure time
  

Industrial technology allows people to produce large quantities of uniform objects

Origins of folk music

    Most folk music is composed anonymously and is transmitted orally

Most songs based on daily activities (ie farming) or Life-cycle events(ie: births and deaths) or mysterious events (weather)

Sometimes folk music has multiple hearths

George Carney- the geographer who identified four major country music hearths in the US

1. Southern appalachia
   
2. Central Tennessee and Kentucky
   
3. Ozark and Ouachita uplands of Arkansas
   
4. Eastern Oklahoma and north central texas
   

• Nashville is the relative center of all of these hearths
  

Popular music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to large audiences

In the US, modern pop music started in Tin Pan Alley. They wrote for music halls (England) as well as for vaudeville (US)

    English is the universal language of pop music

Diffusion of folk popular cultures

    Folk culture diffuses slowly on a small scale from one location to another

• Folk culture spreads through migration, aka relocation diffusion
  
  • Ie: the amish in the US
    

Popular culture diffuses quickly on a large scale from prominent nodes of innovation

• Popular culture spreads through expansion diffusion, aka hierarchical
  

 

Essay possibility 1: Diffusion of Soccer

Soccer called 'football' outside US

Folk culture originated in the 11^th century in England when british soldiers found a dane's head and was copied by a little boy who used an inflated cow's bladder instead of a head

• "kick the dane's head"
  

Rules were standardized in the 12^th century

Henry II said that soccer disrupted village life and banned it.

King james I brought the sport back in 1603 but it was still a folk custom

    Globalization of soccer into pop culture

• Foot ball clubs were formed in the 1800s and professional leagues formed in 1863. this marked a transition into popular culture
  
  • more leisure time for spectators and participants
    
  • football association, the overall rule-making body, was formed with the professional league
    

they called it "association football"à assoc à soccer

• this distinguished it from rugby football
  

eventually soccer diffused from England à Europe à world via the british empire

• and the 20^th century radio and television increased the popularity of the sport
  

not as popular in the US

1^st college game was Princeton vs Rutgers

1873 all the colleges that were playing soccer, got together to do some rule changes and Harvard moved to drop soccer at that time and make some adjustnments to rugby instead. That became American football.

Pele was a Brazilian player who lead his team to win 3 world cup competitions.

David beckham- UK

The world cup

• happens every 4 years
  
• has a tv audience of over 2 billion, more than any other sporting event in history
  

 

End EP 2

 

More soccer

    Success of US Women's soccer

• has won the world cup and the Olympics
  
• title IX has evened the playing field for both men and women in sports
  

Thug problems in Britain

• the football war- 1969 between Honduras and El Salvador
  
• in Colombia, when the world cup was hosted by the US, the US won. The defender, Escobar, scored a goal against his own team and that was the difference in our wining. Escobar was gunned down outside of a Colombian bar
  

other popular sports

    cricket

    ice hockey

martial arts

baseball

basketball- NBA has international players

football- NFL Europe

lacrosse

    invented by the Iroquois confederation

folk culture sport

there is now a lacrosse world championship

NCAA now recognizes and so does high schools in USA

Sports and the spread of popular culture

    Athletes make money off of brand names and endorsements

• Michael Jordan
  
• Wheaties
  

Why is folk culture clustered?

    Has unknown origins amongst groups living in isolation

It diffuses slowly through relocation diffusion

    Isolation promotes cultural diversity

    Unique folk customs develop in isolation, but when observed at a point in time can vary

    Widely ,even in nearby places

Religion and art in the Himalayas

P karan and cotton mather studied the geographical area that encompasses Bhutan, Nepal, northern india and Pakistan, southern Tibet (china), to Myanmar (burma)

1. Tibetan Buddhist in the north
   
2. Hindus in the south
   
3. Muslims in the west
   
4. Animist in southeast asia
   

Culture and the physical environment

    Environmental determinism vs. possibilism

• Folk customs that deal with food, clothing, shelter are influenced by climate, soil and vegetation
  
  • For example, one adaptation that's been made by people who live in Holland, farmers wear wooden shoes that are cured in such a way that the shoes are water proof. This is useful because the Netherlands are below sealevel.
    

Folk food habits

    Distinctive food preferences

• Vidal de la blache- "food preferences connect people more than any other environmental connection"
  

    Geophagy- eating dirt.

• The main dirt of choice is kaolin
  
• Kaopectate contains kaolin
  

Qat (chat)- a narcotic leaf that is grown in Yemen

Around the world, people eat plants and animals determined by soil, climate, terrain and vegetation.

• Soybeans- people in asia made bean sprouts, soy sauce, and bean curds, and edamame
  

Food attraction

    

Food taboos

    Ainus in japan because otters cause forgetful

    Early Europe they wouldn't eat the skins of potatoes because it looks like leprosy

    Hebrew jews- don't eat animals that don't chew cud, with cloven feet, fish lacking fins or scales,

pigs.

    Pork spoils in warm climates because muslims have similar pork taboo

    India, many hindus are strict vegetarians and don't eat cows

    Many geographers try to interpret cow reverence. Like milk from cows.

    Cows are a source of oxen(the traditional work animal in india)

    In the US, eating insects is a taboo.

Folk and popular housing

    No class lecture

    Study pictures in TB and BR vocabulary

EP-2 NOT: The role of TV in diffusing popular culture

Watching tv is the most popular leisure activity in MDCs and is the most important mechanism by which popular culture is diffused across the earth

• The US public first saw the TV in the 1930s
  
• WWII blocked the diffusion of the invention of the TV
  
• In the early 1950s you could find TV in 20 countries
  
• In the early 1960s it had grown to 62 countries
  
• In the late 1960s it had spread to 91 countries
  
• Some geographers categorize nations by tv service
  

1. Nearly every household
   
2. Common but not universal
   
3. TV exists but is not widely diffused
   
4. Few tvs
   

Government control

• Taliban outlawed TV
  
• US, most channels are privately owned but some are public
  
• Most countries who have TVs channels are run by government
  
  • These countries' tv is run by taxes
    
• BBC sells liscenses to put programs on TV
  
• In western Europe, some private channels are allowed
  
• Tv has been used to control populations in totalitarian government
  
  • But changing technology (satellite dish) became a force for political change vs. stability because people learned to smuggle in satellites.
    
• Satellite dishes have been banned in china and Singapore. Saudi Arabia bans them because they don't want to be shown "un-islamic" teaching.
  
  • Problem in banning dishes, not easily enforced
    
• Some people even attribute the fall of communism in eastern Europe to the satellite dish.
  

END EP @ NOT.

Internet

    Diffusion of the internet took a similar pattern to tv

 

EP3: changes in the traditional role of women

The global diffusion of popular culture threatened subservience of women to men – a major folk custom around the world,

• Women stay at home. If they did any outside work, restricted to agriculture and handicrafts
  

  Extreme à Taliban à Black Chador
  

Advancement & Empowerment of Women

    Early History:

• Low Levels of education
  
• Victimization- often by husbands
  

In MDCs today_ Popular Culture

• Legal equality
  
• Economic and social opportunities outside the home
  

Even in MDCs there is still discrimination

In LDCs popular culture has helped but there are still negative aspects:

• Prostitution
  
• Sex Tours
  
  • Major source of foreign currency so police look the other way
    
  • Men in MDCs for women in LDCs
    

Global Interaction

    Women are equal at home in MDCs

    Some folk cultures of LDCs view women as objects money can buy

End EP3

 

Threat of Modern Media Imperialism

    3 MDCs dominate the TV industries in the LDCs

• United States, United Kingdom, and Japan
  

News Media is under Western Control

• Associated Press (AP)- U.S
  
• Reuters- British
  
• Visnews Ltd. is a joint British and American organization that supplies most of the world's television news videos
  
• Worldwide Television News (WTN)- similar joint organization
  
• BBC World Service offers a shortwave radio service- helps for traveling reporters
  

 

Environmental Impact of Popular Culture

    Modification of Nature

• i.e. diffusion of golf- changes landscape
  
  • studied by John Rooney
    

Uniform landscape

    Distribution of popular culture tends to produce more uniform landscapes

    Part of the desire for uniform landscape is for product recognition

    Fast food restaurants are main proponents of uniform landscape

Franchise- a companies agreement with local business men to market that company's product

• ie,Great clips, Sams club
  

negative environmental impact

    depletion of scarce natural resources

• if people ate the grains instead of the animals that eat the grain, we'd have more food.
  
• Popular culture has brought a high volume of waste in solids liquids and gases
  
  • Ie, Fast food waste discards more than recycles
    

Case study

    Contrast- folk culture and popular culture

 

 

 

    

 

 

Chapter 3: migration

Migration- a permanent move to a new location

Case study- Ukraine-> Italy. There are tensions in western Europe over immigration

Migration…

    Immigration- to

Emigration- from

Ravensteins laws

1. The majority of migrants only travel short distances
   
2. Migrants proceed step by step
   
3. Migrants who do move long distances usually move long distances.
   
4. Each current of migration produces a countercurrent
   
5. Natives of towns are less migratory than those in rural areas
   
6. Females are more migratory within a country of birth. Males are more migratory internationally
   
7. Most migrants are adults
   
8. Large towns grow more by migration rather than natural increase- ravenstien was studying censuses from 2^nd stage
   
9. Migration increases in volume and industry and commerce develops
   
10. Migrants move from areas of agriculture to areas of industry and commerce
    

In ravenstiens time, all of these were true, but today geographers also add social and political factors. Even though laws have been modified over time, they have not been disproven.

Exceptions: forced migration and exodus from large cities.

 

Essay possibility 1: migration theory

    Push factor- induces people to move out of their present location

    Pull factor- induces people to move into a new location

    3 types of push pull factors

• Economic push/pull factors
  
  • Ravenstien law 11: people leave for economic reasons
    
  • From a place w/ few job opportunities to a place with better job opportunities
    
  • Sometimes resources are a pull factor (oil)
    
• Cultural push/pull factors
  
  • Most are a result of forced international migration
    
    • Slavery
      
    • Political instability due to cultural diversity and wars.
      
    • Ie…. Cuba/Haiti… "wet feet/ dry feet policy"
      
  • "cultural refugee"-people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return
    
  • Refugees can be of race, religion, nationality, membership, and politics
    
  • 2 largest groups of international refugees are Palestinians and afghans. Afghanistan because of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
    
    • Mujahedeen: holy warriors who fought against the soviet union
      
    • Many afghan refugees went to live in Pakistan and iran. Some afghans returned when Taliban took over in 1990's
      
    • Fall of communism in soviet union and eastern Europe pushed people out of western Europe and pulled people in. Similar situations occurred in congo, and Iraq, and Uganda
      
  • 2 largest groups of internal refugees found in sudan and Columbia
    
• Environmental push pull
  
  • Water, too much or too little
    
    • Too much: new Orleans, Katrina/ charapunjee india (gets the most rain in the world)/ Bangledesh , (monsoons come and cause flooding)(atlas page 21)
      
    • Too little: dust bowl in the USA
      

Intervening obstacles

• Some immigrants end up not going to where they want to go due to intervening obstacles (an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration)
  
• physical environment: mountains, deserts, bodies of water
  
• however, those features that used to be intervening ocstacles have now been overcome by transportation and technological improvements.
  
  • Ie: heat and air-conditioning eliminated some intervening obstacles
    
• Political intervening obstacles
  
  • Passports and visas
    
• Human intervention- scams
  
• Also intervening opportunities!
  

End essay possibility 1

 

 

Internal migration

    A permanent movement within the same country

    Internal migrants are more numerous than international migrants

Short distances are more normal except in large countries (united states and Russia ie: florida to alaska)

    2 types of internal migration:

• interregional migration- movement from one region to another
  
• intraregional migration- movement within one region
  

international migration- a permanent movement form one country to another

voluntary (economic) migration – a voluntary movement to improve ones economic situation

• economic push-pull factors
  

forced (involuntary) migration- the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors

• cultural push-pull factors
  

migration transition

    Wilber Zelinsky wrote the migration transition and it is based on the demographic transition

• He said that international migration is primarily a function of stage 2 countries on the demographic transition. Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4
  

    Stage 1:

• People are unlikely to migrate permanently
  
• High daily or seasonal migration in search of food and water
  

Stage 2

• International migration begins
  
• Also interregional migration from rural to urban
  

Stages 3 & 4

• These become the destination of international migrants from stage 2 countries
  
• Intraregional migration from the cities to the suburbs
  

Gender of Migrants

• Ravenstiens law #6: Males are more international, females are more internal.
  
  • This fact was true in most places in the world until the 1990's when women became 55% of US immigrants
    
  • This is partially true because of the changing role of women in Mexican society.
    

Where are migrants distributed?

• 3% of the worlds people are international migrants.
  
  • US has the largest number of migrants
    
  • The largest number of immigrants to the US is from mexico because it is a stage 2 country
    
  • There is a slarge flow of Mexican immigrants into the four border states of califorina, texas, Arizona and new mexico
    
    • the majority of the immigrants to the 4 border states are undocumented agricultural workers
      

global migration patterns

• the regions of asia, latin America, and Africa, are all experiencing net out-migration
  
• the regions of north-america, Europe, and oceania are all experiencing net in-migration
  
• the three largest flows of immigration
  
  • asia to Europe
    
  • asia to north America
    
  • latin America to north America
    
  • merdium in-migration from:
    
    • Europe to north America
      
    • Asia to oceania (ie Fiji- mostly made up of india)
      
  • Lower levels of net migration
    
    • Latin America to oceania
      
    • Africa to Europe, north America, and oceania
      

 

• LDC's to MDC's
  

Immigrant statistics

• 12% if US population
  
• US- largest number of immigrants but a smaller percentage from other countries
  
• Middle eastern countries have the highest percentage
  
• United erab emirates- 74% immigrants
  
• Most immigrants attracted to middle east because of petroleum job oppurtunities
  

 

NOT Essay Possibility 2- Ravenstien and the gravity model

    Ravensteins law #1

• There is an inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between the source and destination
  
  • That means that the number of immigrants declines as the distance they must travel increases
    
  • This is called distance decay principle
    

Ravenstiens principles were built on the "gravity model" written by Henry Carey

• This model was written in "the principles of social science"
  
  • In this book he took the ideas of newton and applied them to human actions
    
  • The gravity model predicts interaction on the basis of the size of population in the respective places and the distance between them
    
  • The gravity model states that special interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them
    

end NOT
essay possibility 2

 

The tyranny of distance

• Geoffrey blainey wrote this book about Australia because it was one of the most isolated countries in the world during the 18^th century due to distance factors
  
• In the 19^th century, australia's wool industry was able to overcome distance obstacles
  
• Transportation improvements is one of the main factors contributing to australia's population growth
  

History of Immigration to the US

• Text book pages 88-94
  
• Countermigration- when governments send immigrants back who were caught entering their countries illegally
  

Obstacles to migration

• The biggest obstacle of today is host country policies and gaining entry permission with a visa.
  
  • Most countries have visa quotas
    
• A lot of people accuse the US of creating a brain drain
  
  • When a lot of talented people leave the country
    
• Some countries allow people to immigrate as temporary workers or guest workers. These people have to do the menial jobs
  
  • Especially true in Europe and middle east
    
• In asia they have time-contract workers
  
  • They work for a fixed time period most of the time in mines or on plantations
    

 

Essay possibility 3: Economic migrants vs. refugees

Refugees- people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution

• Permanent refugees have become integrated into the host countries national life
  
  • Ie Palestinians in Jordan
    
• Temporary refugees are those waiting in refugee camps for resettlement
  

Three characteristics of refugees

• Move only with property they can carry or transport
  
• The first step, on foot
  
• Come without official documents
  

The US looks at Cuba differently than Haiti

CUBA

• since castro took over as dictator in 1959, there has been a large flow of refugees from cuba coming into the US
  
• in 1980 out of spite, he let political prisoners, criminals and mental patients leave cuba to come to the united states. This event is called the mariel boatlift.
  
  • 125,000 cubans fled to the united states
    
  • They kept them in the orange bowl stadium
    
• In 1987, the us set a quota that 20,000 cubans could come over per year in accordance to the wet feet/dry feet policy
  
• Cubans from the US from cuba makes you a political refugee
  

HAITI

• The duvaliers (papa doc and baby doc)
  
• Many people fled from Haiti during their reign and were considered political refugees during that time
  
• In 1991 there was a coup and jean-bertrand aristide was kicked out of Haiti
  
• In 1994 there was a us invasion and we reinstated that guy.
  
• Now, since there is a more democratic government, Haitians are viewed as economic migrants instead of political refugees and will be sent back
  

Vietnam Boat People

• From 1975 to 1980, south Vietnamese people who feared persecution would float out into the south china sea and would hope to be picked up by US navy
  
• However, navy guys weren't allowed to pick them up because they were considered economic migrants instead of political refugees
  

End essay possibility 3

 

Video- cash flow fever

• Remittances- money that is sent by an immigrant living in a host country back to his family in a home country
  
• This video is a bout a family in El Salvador
  
• United States
  

Video questions

• How do the remittances impact the migrants' homes and villages in El Salvador?
  
• What sacrifices are made by the migrants to the united states and their families still in el Salvador?
  
• How are banks trying to capitalize on remittances?
  

Interregional migration- rural to urban

• In the us, northeast to south and west "rustbelt to sunbelt"
  
• In brazil, they changed the capital from rio de janeiro to a brand new city called brasilia an example of a …
  
• Forward capital- a capital that is moved closer to borders of others country in a region in order to have more influence
  

Intraregional migration- from urban to suburban

• Augusta- martinez- evans
  
• Atlanta- Marietta
  
• Late 20^th century- counterurbanization- a move from urban to rural
  
• Urban to rural telecommuting
  

Case study

• Statue of liberty