Migration- a permanent move to a new location
Case study- Ukraine-> Italy. There are tensions in western Europe over immigration
Migration…
Immigration- to
Emigration- from
Ravensteins laws
- The majority of migrants only travel short distances
- Migrants proceed step by step
- Migrants who do move long distances usually move long distances.
- Each current of migration produces a countercurrent
- Natives of towns are less migratory than those in rural areas
- Females are more migratory within a country of birth. Males are more migratory internationally
- Most migrants are adults
- Large towns grow more by migration rather than natural increase- ravenstien was studying censuses from 2nd stage
- Migration increases in volume and industry and commerce develops
- Migrants move from areas of agriculture to areas of industry and commerce
In ravenstiens time, all of these were true, but today geographers also add social and political factors. Even though laws have been modified over time, they have not been disproven.
Exceptions: forced migration and exodus from large cities.
Essay possibility 1: migration theory
Push factor- induces people to move out of their present location
Pull factor- induces people to move into a new location
3 types of push pull factors
- Economic push/pull factors
- Ravenstien law 11: people leave for economic reasons
- From a place w/ few job opportunities to a place with better job opportunities
- Sometimes resources are a pull factor (oil)
- Ravenstien law 11: people leave for economic reasons
- Cultural push/pull factors
- Most are a result of forced international migration
- Slavery
- Political instability due to cultural diversity and wars.
- Ie…. Cuba/Haiti… "wet feet/ dry feet policy"
- Slavery
- "cultural refugee"-people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return
- Refugees can be of race, religion, nationality, membership, and politics
- 2 largest groups of international refugees are Palestinians and afghans. Afghanistan because of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
- Mujahedeen: holy warriors who fought against the soviet union
- Many afghan refugees went to live in Pakistan and iran. Some afghans returned when Taliban took over in 1990's
- Fall of communism in soviet union and eastern Europe pushed people out of western Europe and pulled people in. Similar situations occurred in congo, and Iraq, and Uganda
- Mujahedeen: holy warriors who fought against the soviet union
- 2 largest groups of internal refugees found in sudan and Columbia
- Environmental push pull
- Water, too much or too little
- Too much: new Orleans, Katrina/ charapunjee india (gets the most rain in the world)/ Bangledesh , (monsoons come and cause flooding)(atlas page 21)
- Too little: dust bowl in the USA
- Too much: new Orleans, Katrina/ charapunjee india (gets the most rain in the world)/ Bangledesh , (monsoons come and cause flooding)(atlas page 21)
Intervening obstacles
- Some immigrants end up not going to where they want to go due to intervening obstacles (an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration)
- physical environment: mountains, deserts, bodies of water
- however, those features that used to be intervening ocstacles have now been overcome by transportation and technological improvements.
- Ie: heat and air-conditioning eliminated some intervening obstacles
- Ie: heat and air-conditioning eliminated some intervening obstacles
- Political intervening obstacles
- Passports and visas
- Passports and visas
- Human intervention- scams
- Also intervening opportunities!
End essay possibility 1
Internal migration
A permanent movement within the same country
Internal migrants are more numerous than international migrants
Short distances are more normal except in large countries (united states and Russia ie: florida to alaska)
2 types of internal migration:
- interregional migration- movement from one region to another
- intraregional migration- movement within one region
international migration- a permanent movement form one country to another
voluntary (economic) migration – a voluntary movement to improve ones economic situation
- economic push-pull factors
forced (involuntary) migration- the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
- cultural push-pull factors
migration transition
Wilber Zelinsky wrote the migration transition and it is based on the demographic transition
- He said that international migration is primarily a function of stage 2 countries on the demographic transition. Internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4
Stage 1:
- People are unlikely to migrate permanently
- High daily or seasonal migration in search of food and water
Stage 2
- International migration begins
- Also interregional migration from rural to urban
Stages 3 & 4
- These become the destination of international migrants from stage 2 countries
- Intraregional migration from the cities to the suburbs
Gender of Migrants
- Ravenstiens law #6: Males are more international, females are more internal.
- This fact was true in most places in the world until the 1990's when women became 55% of US immigrants
- This is partially true because of the changing role of women in Mexican society.
- This fact was true in most places in the world until the 1990's when women became 55% of US immigrants
Where are migrants distributed?
- 3% of the worlds people are international migrants.
- US has the largest number of migrants
- The largest number of immigrants to the US is from mexico because it is a stage 2 country
- There is a slarge flow of Mexican immigrants into the four border states of califorina, texas, Arizona and new mexico
- the majority of the immigrants to the 4 border states are undocumented agricultural workers
- the majority of the immigrants to the 4 border states are undocumented agricultural workers
- US has the largest number of migrants
global migration patterns
- the regions of asia, latin America, and Africa, are all experiencing net out-migration
- the regions of north-america, Europe, and oceania are all experiencing net in-migration
- the three largest flows of immigration
- asia to Europe
- asia to north America
- latin America to north America
- merdium in-migration from:
- Europe to north America
- Asia to oceania (ie Fiji- mostly made up of india)
- Europe to north America
- Lower levels of net migration
- Latin America to oceania
- Africa to Europe, north America, and oceania
- Latin America to oceania
- asia to Europe
- LDC's to MDC's
Immigrant statistics
- 12% if US population
- US- largest number of immigrants but a smaller percentage from other countries
- Middle eastern countries have the highest percentage
- United erab emirates- 74% immigrants
- Most immigrants attracted to middle east because of petroleum job oppurtunities
NOT Essay Possibility 2- Ravenstien and the gravity model
Ravensteins law #1
- There is an inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between the source and destination
- That means that the number of immigrants declines as the distance they must travel increases
- This is called distance decay principle
- That means that the number of immigrants declines as the distance they must travel increases
Ravenstiens principles were built on the "gravity model" written by Henry Carey
- This model was written in "the principles of social science"
- In this book he took the ideas of newton and applied them to human actions
- The gravity model predicts interaction on the basis of the size of population in the respective places and the distance between them
- The gravity model states that special interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them
- In this book he took the ideas of newton and applied them to human actions
end NOT
essay possibility 2
The tyranny of distance
- Geoffrey blainey wrote this book about Australia because it was one of the most isolated countries in the world during the 18th century due to distance factors
- In the 19th century, australia's wool industry was able to overcome distance obstacles
- Transportation improvements is one of the main factors contributing to australia's population growth
History of Immigration to the US
- Text book pages 88-94
- Countermigration- when governments send immigrants back who were caught entering their countries illegally
Obstacles to migration
- The biggest obstacle of today is host country policies and gaining entry permission with a visa.
- Most countries have visa quotas
- Most countries have visa quotas
- A lot of people accuse the US of creating a brain drain
- When a lot of talented people leave the country
- When a lot of talented people leave the country
- Some countries allow people to immigrate as temporary workers or guest workers. These people have to do the menial jobs
- Especially true in Europe and middle east
- Especially true in Europe and middle east
- In asia they have time-contract workers
- They work for a fixed time period most of the time in mines or on plantations
- They work for a fixed time period most of the time in mines or on plantations
Essay possibility 3: Economic migrants vs. refugees
Refugees- people who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
- Permanent refugees have become integrated into the host countries national life
- Ie Palestinians in Jordan
- Ie Palestinians in Jordan
- Temporary refugees are those waiting in refugee camps for resettlement
Three characteristics of refugees
- Move only with property they can carry or transport
- The first step, on foot
- Come without official documents
The US looks at Cuba differently than Haiti
CUBA
- since castro took over as dictator in 1959, there has been a large flow of refugees from cuba coming into the US
- in 1980 out of spite, he let political prisoners, criminals and mental patients leave cuba to come to the united states. This event is called the mariel boatlift.
- 125,000 cubans fled to the united states
- They kept them in the orange bowl stadium
- 125,000 cubans fled to the united states
- In 1987, the us set a quota that 20,000 cubans could come over per year in accordance to the wet feet/dry feet policy
- Cubans from the US from cuba makes you a political refugee
HAITI
- The duvaliers (papa doc and baby doc)
- Many people fled from Haiti during their reign and were considered political refugees during that time
- In 1991 there was a coup and jean-bertrand aristide was kicked out of Haiti
- In 1994 there was a us invasion and we reinstated that guy.
- Now, since there is a more democratic government, Haitians are viewed as economic migrants instead of political refugees and will be sent back
Vietnam Boat People
- From 1975 to 1980, south Vietnamese people who feared persecution would float out into the south china sea and would hope to be picked up by US navy
- However, navy guys weren't allowed to pick them up because they were considered economic migrants instead of political refugees
End essay possibility 3
Video- cash flow fever
- Remittances- money that is sent by an immigrant living in a host country back to his family in a home country
- This video is a bout a family in El Salvador
- United States
Video questions
- How do the remittances impact the migrants' homes and villages in El Salvador?
- What sacrifices are made by the migrants to the united states and their families still in el Salvador?
- How are banks trying to capitalize on remittances?
Interregional migration- rural to urban
- In the us, northeast to south and west "rustbelt to sunbelt"
- In brazil, they changed the capital from rio de janeiro to a brand new city called brasilia an example of a …
- Forward capital- a capital that is moved closer to borders of others country in a region in order to have more influence
Intraregional migration- from urban to suburban
- Augusta- martinez- evans
- Atlanta- Marietta
- Late 20th century- counterurbanization- a move from urban to rural
- Urban to rural telecommuting
Case study
- Statue of liberty
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